Typical PC hardware :

Although many different ways a PC, in a typical personal computer is one in a tower (desktop) and the following parts or chassis are in:
Motherboard:
The main component inside the box Motherboard. The other parts of ICs that computer CPU, RAM, disk drives (CD, DVD, hard drive, or whatever), and peripherals, including all concerned, with the links is a rectangular board or through the Ports expansion slot.
Components are directly connected to motherboard:
Central Processing Unit (CPU) the computer calculates that one is allowed to function, and sometimes a computer “brain” is designated as. Generally, with a heat sink and fan cooled.
CPU and other system components Chipset includes main memory, communication between mediates.
RAM stores all processes (applications) and run the current operating system. RAM stands for Random Access
Memory :
Firmware Boot and includes a BIOS power management. Basic input output system, operating system drivers are performing work.
CPU internal bus to the various internal components and graphics and sound expansion card to connect.
Current
North Bridge memory controller RAM and PCI Express
PCI Express graphics and physics such as processors and high-end network expansion card interfaces .
PCI expansion card Other
SATA disk drives for
Obsolete
ATA (SATA instead)
AGP (PCI Express instead)
VLB VESA local bus (instead of AGP)
BC (PC Card format unused expansion slot, but still used in industrial computer)
External peripheral bus controllers is supported by foreign ports. These ports south bridge I / PCI bus expansion card on the motherboard connected to or directly by O controller can control. USB
FireWire
eSATA SCSI
Power supply:
Main article: Computer power supply unit ()
Power cord, switch and cooling fan is included. Power to appropriate voltages supplied the motherboard and internal disk drive. It converts direct current and computers in different parts of the current turn provides different voltages.
Video Display Driver:
Main article: graphics card
Computer monitor production produces. The well will be built in motherboard or attached in different places (PCI, PCI – E, E -2.0 PCI or AGP), as a graphics card.
Most video cards support the basic requirements needed, and video card manufacturing companies to keep pace with the needs of the game are doing a good job. However, the video games are developing faster than the manufacturing companies.
Removable media device :
Main article: Electric charge
CD (compact disc) – the most common type of removable media, suitable for music and data.
CD-ROM drives – one for reading data from a CD using equipment.
CD writer – one read and write data from a CD and use the equipment for.
DVD (digital versatile disk) – a CD of information on removable media store 12 times the amount the same dimensions as the popular type. The most common transfer of digital video, and is popular for data storage. DVD-ROM Drive – a device used to study data from a DVD.

DVD writer – one read and write data to a DVD and used equipment.
DVD Ram – A fast DVD writing and data reading from a special type of equipment used for.
Blu-ray Disc – a high data density optical disc format for video and high definition. 70 times more data than a CD you can store.
BD-ROM drives – one for reading data from a Blu-ray equipment used.
BD Author – one read and write data from a Blu-ray equipment used for.
HD – DVD – a competitor to Blu-ray supply fails.
Floppy disk – an old storage device to a flexible magnetic storage includes a thin disk. Currently used mainly to load RAID drivers.
Iomega Zip – half the ancient system capacity removable disk storage, first introduced by Iomega in 1994.
A USB flash drive – a flash memory data storage devices integrated with a USB interface, typically small, lightweight, removable and rewritable. Different from hundreds of megabytes of capacity (stadium only one CD) of tens of gigabytes (great expense, Blu-ray on the beat,).

Magnetic tape on tape drive – a device that reads and writes data, used for long term storage and backup .

Internal storage:
Hardware for later use in computer data stays inside and continues when the computer has no power.
Mid-term data storage on disk drives -.
Solid state disk – a hard disk like device, but does not include parts and stores data in a digital format is.
RAID controller – a tool for managing multiple internal or external hard drive, and optional peripherals for performing a RAID array is said to acquire or improve reliability.
Sound card
Main article: Sound card
Production allows for stereo audio equipment, as well as accept input from a microphone. In most modern computer sound card and motherboard is made, though a common one for the user as a separate sound card upgrade is installed. The sound card, either integrated or said, surround sound capability
Other peripherals:
In addition, hardware devices to a computer system can include external components. The following is a standard or very common.

Wheel various input output devices, usually external computer system MouseIncludes.
Access
Main article: Input
Text Input Tool Keyboard – an input text and characters by depressing buttons device (called keys), is like a typewriter. The most common design language to English – is a key QWERTY layout. Pointing devices Mouse – a pointing device that detects the same in respect of its surface-dimensional motion. Optical mouse – a new lasers, LEDs or even more frequently used to track the surface beneath the mouse the mouse, screen and mouse movements into the movement of technology assessment. Trackball – a pointing at an exposed protruding ball consisting of a socket device that detects rotation about two axes. Gaming Equipment Joystick – a control device are in common as a handheld stick around one end that rotates, two or three dimensions to identify the angle. Gamepad – points based on a common handheld game (especially thumbs) to provide input. Game controller – a game for the purposes of a special type of special treatment. , Imaging Equipment Video Input Image scanner – a device that analyzes images, printing, writing, or through article provides information. Web camera – for less visual information easily transferred over the Internet can be used to provide one video camera with resolution. Audio input device Microphones – one acoustic sensor that turns sound into electrical signals for information.

>Typical PC hardware :

>Although many different ways a PC, in a typical personal computer is one in a tower (desktop) and the following parts or chassis are in:
Motherboard:
The main component inside the box Motherboard. The other parts of ICs that computer CPU, RAM, disk drives (CD, DVD, hard drive, or whatever), and peripherals, including all concerned, with the links is a rectangular board or through the Ports expansion slot.
Components are directly connected to motherboard:
Central Processing Unit (CPU) the computer calculates that one is allowed to function, and sometimes a computer “brain” is designated as. Generally, with a heat sink and fan cooled.
CPU and other system components Chipset includes main memory, communication between mediates.
RAM stores all processes (applications) and run the current operating system. RAM stands for Random Access
Memory :
Firmware Boot and includes a BIOS power management. Basic input output system, operating system drivers are performing work.
CPU internal bus to the various internal components and graphics and sound expansion card to connect.
Current
North Bridge memory controller RAM and PCI Express
PCI Express graphics and physics such as processors and high-end network expansion card interfaces .
PCI expansion card Other
SATA disk drives for
Obsolete
ATA (SATA instead)
AGP (PCI Express instead)
VLB VESA local bus (instead of AGP)
BC (PC Card format unused expansion slot, but still used in industrial computer)
External peripheral bus controllers is supported by foreign ports. These ports south bridge I / PCI bus expansion card on the motherboard connected to or directly by O controller can control. USB
FireWire
eSATA SCSI
Power supply:
Main article: Computer power supply unit ()
Power cord, switch and cooling fan is included. Power to appropriate voltages supplied the motherboard and internal disk drive. It converts direct current and computers in different parts of the current turn provides different voltages.
Video Display Driver:
Main article: graphics card
Computer monitor production produces. The well will be built in motherboard or attached in different places (PCI, PCI – E, E -2.0 PCI or AGP), as a graphics card.
Most video cards support the basic requirements needed, and video card manufacturing companies to keep pace with the needs of the game are doing a good job. However, the video games are developing faster than the manufacturing companies.
Removable media device :
Main article: Electric charge
CD (compact disc) – the most common type of removable media, suitable for music and data.
CD-ROM drives – one for reading data from a CD using equipment.
CD writer – one read and write data from a CD and use the equipment for.
DVD (digital versatile disk) – a CD of information on removable media store 12 times the amount the same dimensions as the popular type. The most common transfer of digital video, and is popular for data storage. DVD-ROM Drive – a device used to study data from a DVD.

DVD writer – one read and write data to a DVD and used equipment.
DVD Ram – A fast DVD writing and data reading from a special type of equipment used for.
Blu-ray Disc – a high data density optical disc format for video and high definition. 70 times more data than a CD you can store.
BD-ROM drives – one for reading data from a Blu-ray equipment used.
BD Author – one read and write data from a Blu-ray equipment used for.
HD – DVD – a competitor to Blu-ray supply fails.
Floppy disk – an old storage device to a flexible magnetic storage includes a thin disk. Currently used mainly to load RAID drivers.
Iomega Zip – half the ancient system capacity removable disk storage, first introduced by Iomega in 1994.
A USB flash drive – a flash memory data storage devices integrated with a USB interface, typically small, lightweight, removable and rewritable. Different from hundreds of megabytes of capacity (stadium only one CD) of tens of gigabytes (great expense, Blu-ray on the beat,).

Magnetic tape on tape drive – a device that reads and writes data, used for long term storage and backup .

Internal storage:
Hardware for later use in computer data stays inside and continues when the computer has no power.
Mid-term data storage on disk drives -.
Solid state disk – a hard disk like device, but does not include parts and stores data in a digital format is.
RAID controller – a tool for managing multiple internal or external hard drive, and optional peripherals for performing a RAID array is said to acquire or improve reliability.
Sound card
Main article: Sound card
Production allows for stereo audio equipment, as well as accept input from a microphone. In most modern computer sound card and motherboard is made, though a common one for the user as a separate sound card upgrade is installed. The sound card, either integrated or said, surround sound capability
Other peripherals:
In addition, hardware devices to a computer system can include external components. The following is a standard or very common.

Wheel various input output devices, usually external computer system MouseIncludes.
Access
Main article: Input
Text Input Tool Keyboard – an input text and characters by depressing buttons device (called keys), is like a typewriter. The most common design language to English – is a key QWERTY layout. Pointing devices Mouse – a pointing device that detects the same in respect of its surface-dimensional motion. Optical mouse – a new lasers, LEDs or even more frequently used to track the surface beneath the mouse the mouse, screen and mouse movements into the movement of technology assessment. Trackball – a pointing at an exposed protruding ball consisting of a socket device that detects rotation about two axes. Gaming Equipment Joystick – a control device are in common as a handheld stick around one end that rotates, two or three dimensions to identify the angle. Gamepad – points based on a common handheld game (especially thumbs) to provide input. Game controller – a game for the purposes of a special type of special treatment. , Imaging Equipment Video Input Image scanner – a device that analyzes images, printing, writing, or through article provides information. Web camera – for less visual information easily transferred over the Internet can be used to provide one video camera with resolution. Audio input device Microphones – one acoustic sensor that turns sound into electrical signals for information.

Asynchronous and synchronous data transmission

BITS uses asynchronous transmission and began introducing 10-bit ASCII character indicates actually stop bits are transmitted by, for example: a “0100 0001” becomes “0001 0100 0 to 1. Additional (or parity bits On the basis of zero) at the beginning and end of transmission receiver is the first time a character tells another, that character is over. This method is used when data transmission stream is a solid rather than being sent. In the example above start and stop bits are in bold. unlike polarity must start and stop bits. When the receiver ID information allows the second packet is being sent.

To start and stop bits synchronous transmission, does not use, but the transmission rate in both receiving and synchronizes clock signals generated in each component using the sending end of transmission. A steady stream of data sent between two nodes. For fast data transfer is started, but will be more failures to stop the bit rate and, as the clocks eventually get out of sync, and receive equipment at the wrong time had agreed that the protocol is () / receive data , then to send some bytes from the loss of computing bits (may be damaged). Ways to avoid this problem, re-synchronization of clocks and the use of check points to ensure proper interpretation is involved and receive byte.

>Asynchronous and synchronous data transmission

>

BITS uses asynchronous transmission and began introducing 10-bit ASCII character indicates actually stop bits are transmitted by, for example: a “0100 0001” becomes “0001 0100 0 to 1. Additional (or parity bits On the basis of zero) at the beginning and end of transmission receiver is the first time a character tells another, that character is over. This method is used when data transmission stream is a solid rather than being sent. In the example above start and stop bits are in bold. unlike polarity must start and stop bits. When the receiver ID information allows the second packet is being sent.

To start and stop bits synchronous transmission, does not use, but the transmission rate in both receiving and synchronizes clock signals generated in each component using the sending end of transmission. A steady stream of data sent between two nodes. For fast data transfer is started, but will be more failures to stop the bit rate and, as the clocks eventually get out of sync, and receive equipment at the wrong time had agreed that the protocol is () / receive data , then to send some bytes from the loss of computing bits (may be damaged). Ways to avoid this problem, re-synchronization of clocks and the use of check points to ensure proper interpretation is involved and receive byte.

Serial and parallel transmission

Telecommunications is the transmission of data other than standard sequential transmission unit representing one character or group of elements indicated. One cable digital broadcasting standard, frequency, or optical path bits are sent sequentially. Because the low signal processing and parallel transmission error is less likely, each person’s path may be faster transfer rate is required. The one or number can be sent with the parity bit as easily be used on longer distances.

In telecommunications, parallel transmission of data one character or other unit’s signal transmission elements together. Digital communication, parallel transmission of two or more different elements together transmission signals on the tracks is concerned. Multiple electrical wires, used several pieces that can transmit simultaneously allowing more data transfer can be achieved with serial transmission. The system of internal buses like internal, external as computers, used, and sometimes for such things as printers, because of the parallel data transmission cables have different qualities (intentionally skewed is the main problem with ) a few bits of others came out, which can damage the message. Can help a bit less common. However, long distance parallel power cable for data transmission so much less reliable because transmission is likely to corruption.

>Serial and parallel transmission

>

Telecommunications is the transmission of data other than standard sequential transmission unit representing one character or group of elements indicated. One cable digital broadcasting standard, frequency, or optical path bits are sent sequentially. Because the low signal processing and parallel transmission error is less likely, each person’s path may be faster transfer rate is required. The one or number can be sent with the parity bit as easily be used on longer distances.

In telecommunications, parallel transmission of data one character or other unit’s signal transmission elements together. Digital communication, parallel transmission of two or more different elements together transmission signals on the tracks is concerned. Multiple electrical wires, used several pieces that can transmit simultaneously allowing more data transfer can be achieved with serial transmission. The system of internal buses like internal, external as computers, used, and sometimes for such things as printers, because of the parallel data transmission cables have different qualities (intentionally skewed is the main problem with ) a few bits of others came out, which can damage the message. Can help a bit less common. However, long distance parallel power cable for data transmission so much less reliable because transmission is likely to corruption.

Applications and history

(Mainly, not exclusively, information) has been sent through non-electronic data (for example, optical, acoustic, mechanical) since the advent of communication means. Analog data were sent to the advent of electronic telephone. However, the first modern electric data (1809) Bar and teletype (1906), both of which are digital cable signal transmission applications. Data transmission and information on the fundamental theoretical principles during the 20th century, Harry Nyquist, Ralph Hartley, work by Claude Shannon and others, was in the mind with these applications.

For communication with peripherals through the parallel ports and serial ports RS buses used in computers and computer data us 232 1969 (), (1995) Firewire and USB (1996). Data transmission errors to improve the detection and storage media used in the principles of the 1951.

Computer data transmission network, so (1940) modems, local area network (LAN) (1964), adapters, repeaters, center, microwave links, wireless access point network in 1997 () is used as, etc.

Telephone network, digital communication over a single copper wire or fiber cable pulse code modulation (PCM), ie sampling and scanning, combined with the transfer is done through several phone time multiplexing (TDM) (1962) Partition . Control software and digital telephone exchanges become, provide many value added services. For example, the first telephone system was introduced in Ex 1976. For end user has been since the late 1980a integrated service digital communications digital network (ISDN) services is possible through. At the end 1990a, such ADSL, cable modems, building (FTTB) and home (FTTH) broadband access as the character of fiber technology in the small offices and homes have become a larger area. Current trends traditional telecom services, packet – place mode of communication, IP telephony and IPTV as is.

Analog and digital signal processing capability allows transmission of signals. The ability to process a communication signal means that errors can be detected by random processes and right. Digital signals can also sampled rather than continuous monitoring. It is very easy for multiplexing digital signals to analog signals multiplexing.

Because of these benefits, and because communication channels for broadband and solid state electronics, recent advances have allowed scientists to develop all these benefits, digital communication has grown rapidly. Digital communications and digital communications data out quickly because the computer capacity to do transmission is shore communication line with high demand.

Applicable for transmission of digital data digital telecommunications revolution has taken place in many applications. Example II (1991) Generation and later, cellular telephones, video conferencing, digital (1998) TV, Digital (1999) radio.

>Applications and history

>

(Mainly, not exclusively, information) has been sent through non-electronic data (for example, optical, acoustic, mechanical) since the advent of communication means. Analog data were sent to the advent of electronic telephone. However, the first modern electric data (1809) Bar and teletype (1906), both of which are digital cable signal transmission applications. Data transmission and information on the fundamental theoretical principles during the 20th century, Harry Nyquist, Ralph Hartley, work by Claude Shannon and others, was in the mind with these applications.

For communication with peripherals through the parallel ports and serial ports RS buses used in computers and computer data us 232 1969 (), (1995) Firewire and USB (1996). Data transmission errors to improve the detection and storage media used in the principles of the 1951.

Computer data transmission network, so (1940) modems, local area network (LAN) (1964), adapters, repeaters, center, microwave links, wireless access point network in 1997 () is used as, etc.

Telephone network, digital communication over a single copper wire or fiber cable pulse code modulation (PCM), ie sampling and scanning, combined with the transfer is done through several phone time multiplexing (TDM) (1962) Partition . Control software and digital telephone exchanges become, provide many value added services. For example, the first telephone system was introduced in Ex 1976. For end user has been since the late 1980a integrated service digital communications digital network (ISDN) services is possible through. At the end 1990a, such ADSL, cable modems, building (FTTB) and home (FTTH) broadband access as the character of fiber technology in the small offices and homes have become a larger area. Current trends traditional telecom services, packet – place mode of communication, IP telephony and IPTV as is.

Analog and digital signal processing capability allows transmission of signals. The ability to process a communication signal means that errors can be detected by random processes and right. Digital signals can also sampled rather than continuous monitoring. It is very easy for multiplexing digital signals to analog signals multiplexing.

Because of these benefits, and because communication channels for broadband and solid state electronics, recent advances have allowed scientists to develop all these benefits, digital communication has grown rapidly. Digital communications and digital communications data out quickly because the computer capacity to do transmission is shore communication line with high demand.

Applicable for transmission of digital data digital telecommunications revolution has taken place in many applications. Example II (1991) Generation and later, cellular telephones, video conferencing, digital (1998) TV, Digital (1999) radio.

Distinction between related subjects

Curriculum and textbooks in the field of data transmission [1] and digital broadcasting [2] and digital communication [3] this type of content.

Digital broadcasting or transmission of data that are traditionally telecommunications and electrical engineering. Even the most basic principles of data broadcast data communication, a computer network or computer communication applications and network protocols, for example, the path includes computer science subjects may be involved, the process of switching and communication between processes. Although Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) the word “transfer” includes, TCP and other transport layer protocol data transmission of about one book or course are not generally discussed, but the computer network. Transmission range includes analog and digital communicaton. In most textbooks, according to an analog signal transmission period for the broadcast message refers (without scanning) using an analog signal, either an unmodulated signal bandwidth, such as signal or a band, or Finance Minister as a method of using analog modulation steps. This includes the analog pulse form of pulse modulation may be analog baseband signal modulatated. Some books, even broadcasting transmission line as a bandpass section and ask that PSK using digital modulation methods are. Note that in later textbooks on digital broadcasting or data transmission is discussed.

>Distinction between related subjects

>

Curriculum and textbooks in the field of data transmission [1] and digital broadcasting [2] and digital communication [3] this type of content.

Digital broadcasting or transmission of data that are traditionally telecommunications and electrical engineering. Even the most basic principles of data broadcast data communication, a computer network or computer communication applications and network protocols, for example, the path includes computer science subjects may be involved, the process of switching and communication between processes. Although Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) the word “transfer” includes, TCP and other transport layer protocol data transmission of about one book or course are not generally discussed, but the computer network. Transmission range includes analog and digital communicaton. In most textbooks, according to an analog signal transmission period for the broadcast message refers (without scanning) using an analog signal, either an unmodulated signal bandwidth, such as signal or a band, or Finance Minister as a method of using analog modulation steps. This includes the analog pulse form of pulse modulation may be analog baseband signal modulatated. Some books, even broadcasting transmission line as a bandpass section and ask that PSK using digital modulation methods are. Note that in later textbooks on digital broadcasting or data transmission is discussed.